The age of the Earth is a hot button topic for Christians today. Science suggests that the Earth is old, but a large segment of western Christianity has put down big stakes on the claim that the Earth is young. We have to be careful here that this tension doesn’t overshadow the Gospel.

To be fair, it isn’t all western Christianity. It’s American Christianity where the age of the earth has become almost a litmus test in some circles for belief in God. But is it a good litmus test? Does the Bible speak to the age of the universe?

Frank Turek observes that we have to make assumptions when we talk about the age of the universe. (See The Bible and the Age of the Universe) For instance, when we measure the universe by the speed of light, the calculation shows that the universe is 13.8 billion years old. If we assume the speed of light has not changed since the earth was created, then the earth is 13.8 million years.

But, “Is that a good assumption?” asks Turek. What do you think? Does the Bible have answers for these kinds of questions? Read on if you want to know.

Turek says that the assumption that the speed of light has not changed since the earth was created is probably a good one. If the speed of light changed, all the other laws of physics would have to change because all the laws of physics are tied into and are relative to the speed of light. But, it’s an assumption, nevertheless.

Turek adds that God could God have changed the speed of light (and all of the other laws of physics along with it). Sure, He could have. If God created the universe, why couldn’t He alter all the laws that He established and do it quickly?

But is that what God did? And does the Bible offer any clues?

Frank Turek is quick to admit, and I think we should also be quick to admit, that there is no evidence that the speed of light has changed in the history of the universe, or that any other laws of physics have been anything other than what they are. They are called “cosmological constants” for a reason. We set our watches and fire off rockets into space with great confidence in them!

To believe in a young earth, we would have to assume God changed all the laws of physics since the universe was created with no evidence to suggest it’s true, other than our bare assertion.

But, what about the Bible? Does the Bible say anything about the age of the universe? Does the Bible really suggest that God monkeyed with the laws of physics since the universe was created?

Technically, no matter what position a person takes in regard to the age of the universe, we must make assumptions that can’t ultimately be proven, says Turek. If we are looking for mathematical certainty, it can’t be found. (Which is true of most assertions, by the way, even scientific ones.)

Science assumes that nothing is true unless it can be “proven” by the scientific method. What is satisfactory proof, however, may be up for debate. Nevertheless, this approach is reliable when it comes to the natural world – as reliable as we can get, anyway.

The scientific method is rigged toward natural results. After all, science is the study of the natural world; it doesn’t purport to be the study of anything else.

Some Christians assume that nothing is true unless the Bible says so. That has also proven to be a reliable assumption for spiritual things – people who have trusted the Bible in this way have not been disappointed in the richness of life and connection with God that it produces.

But, is it a good assumption when it comes to natural things?

The Bible, obviously, is geared toward spiritual, transcendent things. Jesus said “my kingdom is not of this world”. Should we rely on the Bible, then, as a text that drives science (which is the study of the natural world)?

We could ask the same question in reverse. Should we rely on the science, which is rigged for natural answers, to drive our understanding of spiritual things? This is the tension we find at the heart of the old earth/young earth controversy.

I am convinced, however, that no real tension exists between science and faith. Good, reliable science aligns with good exegesis of the biblical text.

Some people urge that the Hebrew word translated “day” (yom) used in Genesis to describe the “days” of creation means a “literal” 24-hour day. Yom certainly does have that meaning, but (like most Hebrew words) yom also has other meanings.

While some people urge a literal translation of the Hebrew word, yom, the challenge is that yom has more than one “literal” meaning. Yom has the following meanings (at least):

• the period of daylight (as contrasted with the period of darkness);
• a general term for time;
• a point of time;
• the period from sunrise to sunset;
• the period from sunset to the next sunset;
• a year (in the plural);
• a time period of unspecified length; and
• a long, but finite span of time (age, epoch or season).

The reason that yom can mean so many things is that Hebrew has a limited vocabulary. Hebrew words often have different meanings because of the limited number of Hebrew words. A single Hebrew word often has a number of different meanings as a result. Therefore, the particular meaning in a given sentence or phrase needs to be determined from context. (Wikipedia)

English is a more precise language than Hebrew (in the sense that English has a much larger vocabulary), but even English words have multiple meanings. We even have a word for words that have multiple meanings: we call them homonyms.

Fingers have nails but they don’t have nails (sharp, thin metal spikes). A bolt is a metal fastener, but a bolt can also be lightning moving through the atmosphere. A draft might be a current of air or a version of a document. We could spend all day thinking of examples.

Frank Turek says, “Words don’t have meanings; they have usages. They only have meanings in their usage.” (See The Bible and the Age of the Universe) As an example, he asks what the word, bark, means. Out of context, we don’t know whether it means the bark of a tree or the bark of a dog. How the word is used in a given context tells us what it means.

While, English has its own share of homonyms, Hebrew has many more homonyms because Hebrew has far fewer words than we have in English. Therefore, we need to be very careful in our translation of these words that have multiple meanings.

Here’s the thing, though, and this is where context and understanding the text is of vital importance: Even if yom should be translated as a 24-hour day in Genesis 1, we still don’t know how old the Earth is based on Genesis 1. This is so because the days don’t show up until verse 3.

The phrase, “in the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth….” (Gen. 1:1) isn’t put into the context of a day. This first verse in the Bible doesn’t say when the beginning was. If you want to take Genesis 1 literally, the heavens and the earth are created before the days even begin. Thus, St. Augustine believed that the universe was created all at once, and the days that came after creation were just allegory.

John Lennox, the Oxford mathematician, wrote a book called, Seven Days that Divide the World. The first point he makes in the book is that, “since the initial creation happened before day one, the Bible doesn’t say how old the universe is”. (Summarized by Frank Turek)

The second point John Lennox makes is this: even if the days are pertinent to the age question, the word for “day” in Genesis 1 could mean longer periods of time.  It could mean an era or epoch of time.  It could also mean a shorter period of time (12 hours or the time between first light and first dark). In fact, when Genesis says, “he called the light day and the darkness night,” it suggests less than a 24-hour “day”. (If we really want to take it “literally”.)

More to the point, though, we only need to turn the page over into the second Chapter of Genesis to find a clear example of the use of the Hebrew word, yom, to mean something other than a 24-hour day. Genesis 2:4 is a verse that summarizes all the creation to that point:

“This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made earth and heaven.” (Gen. 2:4)(NASB, one of the most literal translations of the Bible)

Genesis 1 describes the creation events in six (6) “days”, but the very next chapter summarizes all six “days” as “the day that the Lord made the heavens and the earth”. (Genesis 2:4) This is a good demonstration of how context is required to establish meaning and how we need to be careful about reading things “literally”.

To read the Bible “literally” we have to understand the “literal” (all) meanings of the words and determine which one applies in the context in which it is used. When words have many different “literal” meanings, we have to do some analysis based on the context to figure out which one is intended.

Sometimes, the intended meaning may be less than clear. We may have to accept that any one of two or more meanings may have been intended. Of course, then we need to harmonize those meanings with the rest of Scripture to land one the meaning that seems most likely.

If you read a Hebrew Lexicon, you will also find that most words have “literal” and “figurative” meanings. What a person literally means could be the figurative meaning. Sometimes, the author may even intend and literal and a figurative meaning. Again, we have to examine the context for clues to what the author means.

The six (6) “days” of creation together are described in Genesis 2:4 as “the day” (period of time) God created the heavens and the earth. That is the literal reading of that passage! It also suggests that the days in Genesis 1 are distinct periods or epochs, rather than 24-hour (or lesser) segments of time.

Another point Lennox makes is that the third day implicitly requires longer than 24-hours. The third “day” is when the earth grew plants and fruit trees. (Genesis 1:11-12) Plants don’t grow in a day, so it seems obvious that third “day” means a period of time. (Unless you want to believe God sped up the growth process of plants and trees in that “day”, but then you are making an assumption that has no evidentiary proof.)

Of course, it could mean that they appeared (and did not grow) in this period of time. Lennox points out, though, that the language suggests more than simply appearing. Again, maybe God sped up the growth, which is possible, but then you are making an assumption you can’t prove again.

Perhaps, the most significant point to be made, however, is that the seventh day hasn’t ended yet! Hebrews 4:3-8 suggests that we are still in the seventh day:

“For we who have believed enter that rest, just as He has said, ‘As I swore in My wrath, They shall not enter My rest,’ although His works were finished from the foundation of the world. For He has said somewhere concerning the seventh day: ‘And God rested on the seventh day from all His works’; and again in this passage, ‘They shall not enter My rest.’ Therefore, since it remains for some to enter it, and those who formerly had good news preached to them failed to enter because of disobedience, He again fixes a certain day, ‘Today,’ saying through David after so long a time just as has been said before, ‘Today if you hear His voice, ‘Do not harden your hearts.’’ For if Joshua had given them rest, He would not have spoken of another day after that.”

God rested from creation in the seventh day, and it remains for some (those who believe) to enter into His rest because we are still in the seventh day – the “day” of God’s rest. The same passage urges us, “Today if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts.” If you read this verse, “today” means right now for you! (Not a “literal” 24-hour day that has come and gone, or a day yet to occur.)

The point of Hebrews 4 is that today is still now! We are still in the seventh “day”, while God is resting, waiting for us to enter into His rest.

Frank Turek believes, as I do, that the better evidence and the better interpretation of Genesis 1 is that the Earth is old. He says, “That God created is more certain (and more important) than when He created!”

Turek adds, which I believe as well, that there is no conflict between science and the Bible; there are only conflicts between some interpretations of the Bible and (some conclusions to be drawn from) the scientific data.

Turek also adds, in characteristic clever fashion, that “science doesn’t say anything”; scientists say things. We always have to ask whether they are interpreting the data correctly. But, we also have to ask the same question of our interpretations of the Bible.

Finally, Turek says, “Do not make this a test for orthodoxy!” Go ahead and feel strongly about your own interpretation, but hold it loosely. The age of the Earth isn’t a central tenet of Christianity.

Go ahead and feel strongly about your own interpretation, but hold it loosely

Your entrance exam for heaven isn’t going to depend on whether you think the world was old or young. (Not that there will actually be an entrance exam.) Our entry into heaven depends on what we do about Jesus (not on our understanding of the age of the universe). Did you believe? Did you submit yourself to God in Christ?

For similar reason, Paul told the Corinthians who were arguing over many things that he came to them focusing only on Christ, and Him crucified. (1 Cor. 2:2) Keep your eyes on Jesus, the author and finisher of your faith!

We can get off on tangents to the Gospel when we focus too much on peripheral things. Paul calls them “vain discussions“. When we focus on the peripheral things, we diminish the Gospel and even risk falling out of balance and into heresy.

Paul always brings us back to Jesus, and Him crucified. This is the mater of “first importance”, Paul says, “that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He appeared…. (I Cor. 15:3b-5a)[i]

The Bible really doesn’t tell us how old the universe is, but it does tell us, in no uncertain terms, what the Gospel is. The age of the universe isn’t essential to an understanding of Jesus and following Him.

The Gospel is the central message of the Bible. “Jesus is the way, the truth and the life”; there is no other way to the Father. (John 14:6) We can have our theories about the age of the universe, but we have to be on point about our understanding of Jesus and the Gospel.

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[i] See 1 Corinthians 15:1-8

“Now I make known to you, brethren, the gospel which I preached to you, which also you received, in which also you stand, by which also you are saved, if you hold fast the word which I preached to you, unless you believed in vain.

For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. After that He appeared to more than five hundred brethren at one time, most of whom remain until now, but some have fallen asleep; then He appeared to James, then to all the apostles; and last of all, as to one untimely born, He appeared to me also.”